Contributions of the MACS 1986 HIV testing of stored specimens Study expanded to include neurological aspects 1987 Flow cytometry methods standardized Risky sex linked to HIV seropositivity Low CD4 closely linked with progression to clinical AIDS 1988 WHO guidelines for lack of cognitive impairment in asymptomatic individuals 1989 CD4<200 and thrush predicts PCP PHS guidelines for PCP prophylaxis Juxta-analysis of prevalent and incident cohorts Resistance to infection in high risk seronegative men 1990 Description of incidence of KS Serologic markers add to prediction of AIDS 1991 Incidence of HIV by calendar, place, age and ethnicity Confirmation of efficacy of Zidovudine and PCP prophylaxis 1992 Role of brain cytokines on AIDS dementia 1993 Changes in the spectrum of AIDS and survival due to PCP prophylaxis and Zidovudine Elevated levels of a subset of CD8 cells add to prognostic value of CD4 cell counts 1995 Long term non-progressors are characterized Loss of T-cell homeostasis predicts development of disease 1996 Role of genetic markers (HLA and CCR5) on HIV infection and disease progression Incubation of AIDS follows a lognormal distribution Old age confirmed as risk factor for short AIDS incubation 1997 Viral load quantified in archived plasma specimens 1998 NIH guidelines for use of potent ART Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy: AIDS-free extended by 1.63 Methods to detect inflection points developed 1999 Dramatic effect of potent ART on KS 80% of AIDS-free HIV positive active participants receiving antiretroviral therapy. Most (80%) receiving potent ART Reduce risk of AIDS lymphoma in individuals heterozygous for CCR5 Comparison of prognostic value of T-lymphocyte activation with viral load and chemokine receptors Viability of samples stored in National Repository shown 2000 Across cohorts (MACS & WIHS) comparison of HIV RNA Interaction of HIV and HHV8 on incidence of KS Natural history of HIV viremia after seroconversion Efficacy, individual effectiveness and population effectiveness of therapies 2001 Effectiveness of HAART shown to extend to both primary and secondary opportunistic infections HIV infection preceding infection with HHV-8 increases the risk for Kaposi's Sarcoma Thrush and fever do provide a measures of immune competence in the era of HAART Extension of methods to assess effectiveness in prevalent cohorts Self-reported adherence measure validated by HIV RNA levels and host characteristics (race, income, use of health care system) as well as therapy factors found to be independent determinants of full adherence 2002 Effect of coinfection with HIV and HBV in the HAART era Lower CD4 cell counts and age at HAART initiation and risk of CD4 response predicted AIDS after HAART. AIDS risk post-HAART in men with <200 CD4 cells was similar to that of men with 300 more cells in the pre-HAART era Genetic influence of RANTES and intervention between KIR and HLA on progression to AIDS Attitudes towards highly active antiretroviral therapy are associated with sexual risk taking Immunologic and virologic response to HAART was characterized 2003 Effect of deferring HAART while accouting for lead-time bias Lipid level changes associated with HIV infection and use of HAART Prognostic effect of changes in total lymphocytes and hemoglobin levels MCP haplotype effect on HIV infection Graphical methods to better display 3-dimensional data 2004 Dual HIV infection associated with rapid disease progression Preventive fraction of AIDS in pre-HAART era due to genetic polymorphisms Persistent GB virus C infection prolongs survival in HIV-infected men Factors related to improving adherence differ from those predicting decreasing adherence 2005 Impact of antiretroviral therapy on development of diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance Dramatically different survivorship following AIDS demonstrated in HAART era 2006 A new pattern of fat accumulation in HIV-infected men is defined Discovery of a new receptor for KSHV C-reactive protein is marker for HIV disease progression Discovery that DC-SIGN serves as a portal for transmission of HIV from B cells to T lymphocytes 2007 Prognostic value of HIV RNA, CD4 T cell count and slope in progression to AIDS and death in untreated HIV infection Role of methamphetamine and poppers for HIV infection Extension of disease-free survival by viral load setpoint reductions HIV infection associated with frailty phenotype Cognitive functioning remains stable so long as viral load is adequately controlled CCR5 contributes to HBV persistance Characterization of the flexibility of the Generalized Gamma distribution for the analysis of time to event data 2008 HAART associated with atherogenic profile Noincreased risk of coronary atherosclerosis among HIV-infected men Host genetics influence treatment effects on HIV disease progression Increasing anal cancer incidence Emergence of X4 virus associated with faster disease progression 2009 NA-ACCORD with MACS shows detrimental effects of deferring HAART Frailty association with low CD4 cell counts similar across treatment era Premature aging of T cells associated with faster HIV-1 disease progression