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Contributions of the MACS
1986
  • HIV testing of stored specimens
  • Study expanded to include neurological aspects
1987
  • Flow cytometry methods standardized
  • Risky sex linked to HIV seropositivity
  • Low CD4 closely linked with progression to clinical AIDS
1988
  • WHO guidelines for lack of cognitive impairment in asymptomatic individuals
1989
  • CD4<200 and thrush predicts PCP
  • PHS guidelines for PCP prophylaxis
  • Juxta-analysis of prevalent and incident cohorts
  • Resistance to infection in high risk seronegative men
1990
  • Description of incidence of KS
  • Serologic markers add to prediction of AIDS
1991
  • Incidence of HIV by calendar, place, age and ethnicity
  • Confirmation of efficacy of Zidovudine and PCP prophylaxis
1992
  • Role of brain cytokines on AIDS dementia
1993
  • Changes in the spectrum of AIDS and survival due to PCP prophylaxis and Zidovudine
  • Elevated levels of a subset of CD8 cells add to prognostic value of CD4 cell counts
1995
  • Long term non-progressors are characterized
  • Loss of T-cell homeostasis predicts development of disease
1996
  • Role of genetic markers (HLA and CCR5) on HIV infection and disease progression
  • Incubation of AIDS follows a lognormal distribution
  • Old age confirmed as risk factor for short AIDS incubation
1997
  • Viral load quantified in archived plasma specimens
1998
  • NIH guidelines for use of potent ART
  • Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy: AIDS-free extended by 1.63
  • Methods to detect inflection points developed
1999
  • Dramatic effect of potent ART on KS
  • 80% of AIDS-free HIV positive active participants receiving antiretroviral therapy. Most (80%) receiving potent ART
  • Reduce risk of AIDS lymphoma in individuals heterozygous for CCR5
  • Comparison of prognostic value of T-lymphocyte activation with viral load and chemokine receptors
  • Viability of samples stored in National Repository shown
2000
  • Across cohorts (MACS & WIHS) comparison of HIV RNA
  • Interaction of HIV and HHV8 on incidence of KS
  • Natural history of HIV viremia after seroconversion
  • Efficacy, individual effectiveness and population effectiveness of therapies
2001
  • Effectiveness of HAART shown to extend to both primary and secondary opportunistic infections
  • HIV infection preceding infection with HHV-8 increases the risk for Kaposi's Sarcoma
  • Thrush and fever do provide a measures of immune competence in the era of HAART
  • Extension of methods to assess effectiveness in prevalent cohorts
  • Self-reported adherence measure validated by HIV RNA levels and host characteristics (race, income, use of health care system) as well as therapy factors found to be independent determinants of full adherence
2002
  • Effect of coinfection with HIV and HBV in the HAART era
  • Lower CD4 cell counts and age at HAART initiation and risk of CD4 response predicted AIDS after HAART. AIDS risk post-HAART in men with <200 CD4 cells was similar to that of men with 300 more cells in the pre-HAART era
  • Genetic influence of RANTES and intervention between KIR and HLA on progression to AIDS
  • Attitudes towards highly active antiretroviral therapy are associated with sexual risk taking
  • Immunologic and virologic response to HAART was characterized
2003
  • Effect of deferring HAART while accouting for lead-time bias
  • Lipid level changes associated with HIV infection and use of HAART
  • Prognostic effect of changes in total lymphocytes and hemoglobin levels
  • MCP haplotype effect on HIV infection
  • Graphical methods to better display 3-dimensional data
2004
  • Dual HIV infection associated with rapid disease progression
  • Preventive fraction of AIDS in pre-HAART era due to genetic polymorphisms
  • Persistent GBV-C infection influence on survival
  • Predictors of changing adherence to antiretroviral therapies

Last updated October 22, 2004